设计简介
摘要
人类正面临着石油和煤炭等矿物燃料枯竭的严重威胁，太阳能作为一种新型能源具有储量无限、普遍存在、利用清洁、使用经济等优点，但是太阳能又存在着低密度、间歇性、空间分布不断变化的缺点，这就使目前的一系列太阳能设备对太阳能的利用率不高。太阳光线自动跟踪装置解决了太阳能利用率不高的问题。本文对太阳能跟踪系统进行了机械设计和自动跟踪系统控制部分设计。
第一，机械部分设计：
机械结构主要包括底座、主轴、齿轮和齿圈等。当太阳光线发生偏离时，控制部分发出控制信号驱动步进电机1带动小齿轮1转动，小齿轮带动大齿轮和主轴转动，实现水平方向跟踪；同时控制信号驱动步进电机2带动小齿轮2，小齿轮2带动齿圈和太阳能板实现垂直方向转动，通过步进电机1、步进电机2的共同工作实现对太阳的跟踪。
第二，控制部分设计：
主要包括传感器部分、信号转换电路、单片机系统和电机驱动电路等。系统采用光电检测追踪模式实现对太阳的跟踪。传感器采用光敏电阻，将两个完全相同的光敏电阻分别放置于一块电池板东西方向边沿处下方。当两个光敏电阻接收到的光强度不相同时，通过运放比较电路将信号送给单片机，驱动步进电机正反转，实现电池板对太阳的跟踪。
关键词 太阳能；跟踪；光敏电阻；单片机；步进电机
Abstract
Human being is seriously threatened by exhausting mineral fuel, such as coal and fossil oil. As a kind of new type of energy sources, solar energy has the advantages of unlimited reserves, existing everywhere,using clean and economical .But it also has disadvantages ,such as low density,intermission,change of space distributing and so on. These make that the current series of solar energy equipment for the utilization of solar energy is not high. In order to keep the energy exchange part to plumb up the solar beam,it must track the movement of solar. In this paper, the solar tracking system of the mechanical part and control system part are designed.
First, the mechanical part is designed.
Mechanical structure mainly includes the main spindle, stepping motors, gears and gear ring, and so on. When the sun's rays has a deviation, small gear are rotated by stepper motor according to the control signal from MCU. And the large gear and main spindle is rotated by small gear in order to track to achieve the level direction. At the same time, another small gear is rotated by another stepper motor according to the control signal.And the large gear and the solar panels are rotated by the small gear in order to track to achieve the vertical direction. Solar is tracked by the two stepper motors together.
Second, control system part is designed.
Control system mainly includes the sensors part, stepper motor, MCU system and the corresponding external circuit, and so on. Photoelectric detection system is used to track solar. Sensors use photosensitive resistance. The two same photosensitive resistances were placed in east and west direction of the bottom edge .When the two photosensitive resistances received different light at the same time, the signal from comparison circuit is sent to MCU in order to rotate stepping motors.
Keywords Solar energy Tracking Photosensitive resistance SCM Stepping motor
目 录人类正面临着石油和煤炭等矿物燃料枯竭的严重威胁，太阳能作为一种新型能源具有储量无限、普遍存在、利用清洁、使用经济等优点，但是太阳能又存在着低密度、间歇性、空间分布不断变化的缺点，这就使目前的一系列太阳能设备对太阳能的利用率不高。太阳光线自动跟踪装置解决了太阳能利用率不高的问题。本文对太阳能跟踪系统进行了机械设计和自动跟踪系统控制部分设计。
第一，机械部分设计：
机械结构主要包括底座、主轴、齿轮和齿圈等。当太阳光线发生偏离时，控制部分发出控制信号驱动步进电机1带动小齿轮1转动，小齿轮带动大齿轮和主轴转动，实现水平方向跟踪；同时控制信号驱动步进电机2带动小齿轮2，小齿轮2带动齿圈和太阳能板实现垂直方向转动，通过步进电机1、步进电机2的共同工作实现对太阳的跟踪。
第二，控制部分设计：
主要包括传感器部分、信号转换电路、单片机系统和电机驱动电路等。系统采用光电检测追踪模式实现对太阳的跟踪。传感器采用光敏电阻，将两个完全相同的光敏电阻分别放置于一块电池板东西方向边沿处下方。当两个光敏电阻接收到的光强度不相同时，通过运放比较电路将信号送给单片机，驱动步进电机正反转，实现电池板对太阳的跟踪。
关键词 太阳能；跟踪；光敏电阻；单片机；步进电机
Abstract
Human being is seriously threatened by exhausting mineral fuel, such as coal and fossil oil. As a kind of new type of energy sources, solar energy has the advantages of unlimited reserves, existing everywhere,using clean and economical .But it also has disadvantages ,such as low density,intermission,change of space distributing and so on. These make that the current series of solar energy equipment for the utilization of solar energy is not high. In order to keep the energy exchange part to plumb up the solar beam,it must track the movement of solar. In this paper, the solar tracking system of the mechanical part and control system part are designed.
First, the mechanical part is designed.
Mechanical structure mainly includes the main spindle, stepping motors, gears and gear ring, and so on. When the sun's rays has a deviation, small gear are rotated by stepper motor according to the control signal from MCU. And the large gear and main spindle is rotated by small gear in order to track to achieve the level direction. At the same time, another small gear is rotated by another stepper motor according to the control signal.And the large gear and the solar panels are rotated by the small gear in order to track to achieve the vertical direction. Solar is tracked by the two stepper motors together.
Second, control system part is designed.
Control system mainly includes the sensors part, stepper motor, MCU system and the corresponding external circuit, and so on. Photoelectric detection system is used to track solar. Sensors use photosensitive resistance. The two same photosensitive resistances were placed in east and west direction of the bottom edge .When the two photosensitive resistances received different light at the same time, the signal from comparison circuit is sent to MCU in order to rotate stepping motors.
Keywords Solar energy Tracking Photosensitive resistance SCM Stepping motor
1绪论 1
1.1课题来源 1
1.2课题背景 1
1.2.1能源现状及发展 1
1.2.2我国太阳能资源 1
1.2.3目前太阳能的开发和利用 2
1.2.4太阳能的特点 2
1.3课题研究的目的 2
1.4研究课题的意义 2
1.4.1新环保能源 2
1.4.2提高太阳能的利用率 3
1.5太阳能利用的国内外发展现状 3
1.6太阳追踪系统的国内外研究现状 4
1.7论文的研究内容 5
1.8论文结构 5
2太阳能自动跟踪系统总体设计 6
2.1太阳运行的规律 6
2.2跟踪器机械执行部分比较选择 6
2.2.1立柱转动式跟踪器 6
2.2.2陀螺仪式跟踪器 7
2.2.3齿圈转动式跟踪器 7
2.2.4本课题的机械设计方案 8
2.3跟踪方案的比较选择 8
2.3.1视日运动轨迹跟踪 9
2.3.2光电跟踪 9
2.3.3视日运动轨迹跟踪和光电跟踪相结合 11
2.3.4本设计的跟踪方案 12
3机械设计部分 13
3.1太阳能自动跟踪系统机械设计方案 13
3.2第一齿轮转动计算 13
3.2.1材料选择 13
3.2.2尺寸计算 13
3.2.3校核计算 14
3.2.4齿根弯曲疲劳强度验算 15
3.3第二齿轮转动计算 17
3.3.1材料选择 17
3.3.2尺寸计算 17
3.3.3校核计算 17
3.3.4齿根弯曲疲劳强度验算 19
3.4轴瓦校核计算 20
3.4.1大轴瓦校核计算 20
3.4.2小轴瓦校核计算 22
3.5键联接计算 25
3.5.1主轴与大齿轮的键联接 25
3.5.2小轴与齿圈的键联接 25
3.5.3步进电机1输出轴与小齿轮1的联接 25
3.5.4步进电机2输出轴与小齿轮2的联接 25
3.6抗风性分析 26
3.6.1底座上螺钉校核 26
3.6.2轴校核 26
4自动跟踪系统设计 28
4.1系统总体结构 28
4.2光电转换器 28
4.2.1光电转换电路 28
4.3单片机及其外围电路 29
4.3.1 AT89C51单片机 29
4.3.2外围电路 31
4.4步进电动机及驱动电路 32
4.4.1步进电动机介绍 32
4.4.2步进电机的主要特性 32
4.4.3步进电机的选择 33
4.4.4驱动电路 34
4.5系统的实现 35
4.5.1光敏电阻光强比较法 35
4.5.2光敏电阻光强比较法的工作过程 36
4.5.3系统的流程图 37
5结论 39
5.1结论 39
5.2展望 39
致谢 40
参考文献 41
